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Smithsonian Institution
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Smithsonian Institution is located in Central Washington, D.C.

Smithsonian Institution

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Smithsonian Institution is located in the United States

Smithsonian Institution

Smithsonian Institution (the United States)

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Established August ten, 1846; 175 years ago  (1846-08-10)
Location Washington, D.C.; Chantilly, Virginia; New York City
Coordinates 38°53′20″N 77°01′34″W  /  38.889°N 77.026°W  / 38.889; -77.026 Coordinates: 38°53′twenty″N 77°01′34″W  /  38.889°N 77.026°Due west  / 38.889; -77.026
Director Lonnie Bunch, Secretary of the Smithsonian
Employees 6,375 (as of 28 March 2020[update])[1]
Website www.si.edu

The Smithsonian Institution ( smith-SOH-nee-ən), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums and education and research centers, the largest such circuitous in the world, created by the U.South. Government "for the increment and diffusion of knowledge".[2] [3] Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates every bit a trust instrumentality and is not formally a office of any of the three branches of the federal authorities.[4] The institution is named after its founding donor, British scientist James Smithson.[5] It was originally organized as the Us National Museum, but that name ceased to exist administratively in 1967.[vi]

Called "the nation's attic"[vii] for its eclectic holdings of 154 million items,[5] the Institution's 19 museums, 21 libraries, ix inquiry centers, and zoo include historical and architectural landmarks, mostly located in the District of Columbia.[viii] Boosted facilities are located in Maryland, New York, and Virginia. More than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states,[note 1] Puerto Rico, and Panama are Smithsonian Affiliates.[9] [10] Institution publications include Smithsonian and Air & Infinite magazines.

The Institution'south 30 one thousand thousand annual visitors[11] are admitted without charge. Its annual budget is around $i.25 billion, with two-thirds coming from annual federal appropriations.[12] Other funding comes from the Establishment'south endowment, private and corporate contributions, membership dues, and earned retail, concession, and licensing revenue.[5] Every bit of 2021, the Institution'south endowment had a total value of about $5.four billion.[13]

Founding [edit]

In many ways, the origin of the Smithsonian Institution can be traced to a group of Washington citizens who, being "impressed with the importance of forming an association for promoting useful knowledge," met on June 28, 1816, to found the Columbian Establish for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences. Officers were elected in October 1816, and the arrangement was granted a charter past Congress on Apr 20, 1818 (this charter expired in 1838). Benjamin Latrobe, who was architect for the United states of america Capitol later the War of 1812, and William Thornton, the architect who designed the Octagon House and Tudor Place, would serve as officers. Other prominent members, who numbered from 30 to 70 during the Establish's beingness, included John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, Judge William Cranch, and James Hoban. Honorary members included James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and the Marquis de Lafayette. Operating expenses were covered from the $v yearly dues collected from each member.

The Constitute proposed a number of undertakings. These included the study of plant life and the cosmos of a botanical garden on the Capitol Mall, an examination of the country's mineral production, improvement in the management and care of livestock, and the writing of a topographical and statistical history of the United States. Reports were to be published periodically to share this knowledge with the greater public, merely due to a lack of funds, this initially did not occur. The Plant first met in Blodget's Hotel, later in the Treasury Department and Urban center Hall, before being assigned a permanent home in 1824 in the Capitol building.

Start in 1825, weekly sittings were arranged during sessions of Congress for the reading of scientific and literary productions, but this was continued for only a brusk fourth dimension, equally the number attending declined rapidly. Lxxx-five communications by 26 people were made to Congress during the unabridged life of the club, with more than a half relating to astronomy or mathematics. Amidst all the activities planned past the Plant, only a few were actually implemented. Two were the establishment of a botanical garden, and a museum that was designed to have a national and permanent condition. The erstwhile occupied space where the present Botanic Garden sits.

The museum contained specimens of zoology, botany, archeology, fossils, etc., some of which were passed on to the Smithsonian Institution after its formation. The Constitute's lease expired in 1838, only its spirit lived on in the National Institution, founded in 1840. With the mission to "promote science and the useful arts, and to establish a national museum of natural history," this arrangement continued to press Congress to found a museum that would be structured in terms that were very like to those finally incorporated into the founding of the Smithsonian Institution. Its work helped to develop an underlying philosophy that pushed for the pursuit and evolution of scientific noesis that would benefit the nation, and edify its citizens at the same time.[14]

The British scientist James Smithson (1765–1829) left most of his wealth to his nephew Henry James Hungerford. When Hungerford died childless in 1835,[15] the manor passed "to the United states of America, to establish at Washington, nether the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Institution for the increase & diffusion of knowledge among men", in accordance with Smithson'southward will.[16] Congress officially accustomed the legacy bequeathed to the nation and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July ane, 1836.[17] The American diplomat Richard Rush was dispatched to England past President Andrew Jackson to collect the bequest. Blitz returned in August 1838 with 105 sacks containing 104,960 aureate sovereigns. This is approximately $500,000 at the time, which is equivalent to $12,723,000 in 2021 or equivalent to £9,661,774 in 2020. Notwithstanding, when considering the GDP at the fourth dimension it may be more comparable to $220 million in the twelvemonth 2007.[xviii] [19]

In one case the money was in hand, eight years of Congressional haggling ensued over how to interpret Smithson's rather vague mandate "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge".[17] [19] Unfortunately, the money was invested by the The states Treasury in bonds issued past the state of Arkansas, which soon defaulted. After heated debate, Massachusetts representative (and former president) John Quincy Adams persuaded Congress to restore the lost funds with interest[20] and, despite designs on the money for other purposes, convinced his colleagues to preserve it for an establishment of scientific discipline and learning.[21] Finally, on August 10, 1846, President James G. Polk signed the legislation that established the Smithsonian Institution as a trust instrumentality of the United States, to exist administered by a Board of Regents and a secretary of the Smithsonian.[17] [22]

Evolution [edit]

Though the Smithsonian's first secretarial assistant, Joseph Henry, wanted the institution to exist a center for scientific research,[23] it also became the depository for various Washington and U.S. authorities collections.[24] The Usa Exploring Expedition by the U.S. Navy circumnavigated the globe betwixt 1838 and 1842.[25] The voyage clustered thousands of animal specimens, an herbarium of l,000 constitute specimens, and diverse shells and minerals, tropical birds, jars of seawater, and ethnographic artifacts from the South Pacific Ocean.[25] These specimens and artifacts became part of the Smithsonian collections,[26] every bit did those collected past several military and civilian surveys of the American West, including the Mexican Purlieus Survey and Pacific Railroad Surveys, which assembled many Native American artifacts and natural history specimens.[27]

In 1846, the regents developed a plan for conditions observation; in 1847, coin was appropriated for meteorological enquiry.[28] The Institution became a magnet for young scientists from 1857 to 1866, who formed a grouping called the Megatherium Club.[29] The Smithsonian played a critical role as the U.S. partner institution in early bilateral scientific exchanges with the Academy of Sciences of Cuba.[30]

Museums and buildings [edit]

Construction began on the Smithsonian Institution Building ("the Castle") in 1849. Designed by builder James Renwick Jr., its interiors were completed past general contractor Gilbert Cameron. The edifice opened in 1855.[31]

The Smithsonian'due south commencement expansion came with the structure of the Arts and Industries Edifice in 1881. Congress had promised to build a new structure for the museum if the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition generated enough income. It did, and the edifice was designed past architects Adolf Cluss and Paul Schulze, based on original plans adult by Major Full general Montgomery C. Meigs of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. It opened in 1881.[32]

A school field trip to the Smithsonian Institution effectually 1900

The National Zoological Park opened in 1889 to accommodate the Smithsonian's Department of Living Animals.[33] The park was designed by landscape builder Frederick Law Olmsted.[33]

The National Museum of Natural History opened in June 1911 to similarly accommodate the Smithsonian'south United States National Museum, which had previously been housed in the Castle and and so the Arts and Industries Building.[34] This construction was designed by the D.C. architectural firm of Hornblower & Marshall.[35]

When Detroit philanthropist Charles Lang Freer donated his individual collection to the Smithsonian and funds to build the museum to concur it (which was named the Freer Gallery), it was amid the Smithsonian's get-go major donations from a private individual.[36] The gallery opened in 1923.[37]

More than than 40 years would pass before the next museum, the Museum of History and Technology (renamed the National Museum of American History in 1980), opened in 1964. It was designed by the world-renowned business firm of McKim, Mead & White.[38] The Anacostia Community Museum, an "experimental store-front" museum created at the initiative of Smithsonian Secretary Due south. Dillon Ripley, opened in the Anacostia neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in 1967.[39] [xl] [41] That same year, the Smithsonian signed an agreement to take over the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration (now the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Pattern Museum).[42] The National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum opened in the Old Patent Office Building (built in 1867) on October seven, 1968.[43] The reuse of an older building connected with the opening of the Renwick Gallery in 1972 in the 1874 Renwick-designed art gallery originally built past local philanthropist William Wilson Corcoran to house the Corcoran Gallery of Art.[44]

The beginning new museum building to open since the National Museum of History and Technology was the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, which opened in 1974.[45] The National Air and Space Museum, the Smithsonian's largest in terms of floor space, opened in June 1976.[46]

Eleven years after, the National Museum of African Art and the Arthur Yard. Sackler Gallery opened in a new, joint, surreptitious museum between the Freer Gallery and the Smithsonian Castle.[47] [48] [49] Reuse of another erstwhile edifice came in 1993 with the opening of the National Postal Museum in the 1904 sometime Metropolis Mail service Role edifice, a few city blocks from the Mall.[50]

In 2004, the Smithsonian opened the National Museum of the American Indian in a new building most the The states Capitol.[51] Twelve years later nigh to the twenty-four hour period, in 2016, the latest museum opened: the National Museum of African American History and Culture, in a new edifice near the Washington Monument.[52]

Two more museums have been established and are being planned for eventual construction on the mall: the National Museum of the American Latino and the Smithsonian American Women'southward History Museum.

Capital campaigns [edit]

In 2011, the Smithsonian undertook its first-ever capital letter fundraising campaign.[53] The $1.v billion effort raised $ane billion at the 3-year mark. Smithsonian officials made the campaign public in October 2014 in an effort to raise the remaining $500 million. More than sixty,000 individuals and organizations donated money to the campaign past the fourth dimension it went public.[54] This included 192 gifts of at least $i million.[54] Members of the boards of directors of various Smithsonian museums donated $372 1000000.[54] The Smithsonian said that funds raised would go toward completion of the National Museum of African American History and Culture building, and renovations of the National Air and Space Museum, National Museum of American History, and the Renwick Gallery.[54] A smaller corporeality of funds would go to educational initiatives and digitization of collections.[54] As of September 2017, the Smithsonian claimed to accept raised $ane.79 billion, with 3 months left in the formal campaign calendar.[55]

Separately from the major majuscule campaign, the Smithsonian has begun fundraising through Kickstarter.[56] An instance is a campaign to fund the preservation and maintenance of the cherry-red slippers worn by Judy Garland for her role as Dorothy Gale in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.[57]

Museums [edit]

Nineteen museums and galleries, likewise as the National Zoological Park, comprise the Smithsonian museums.[58] Eleven are on the National Mall, the park that runs betwixt the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol. Other museums are located elsewhere in Washington, D.C., with two more in New York Urban center and 1 in Chantilly, Virginia.

The Smithsonian has shut ties with 168 other museums in 39 states, Panama, and Puerto Rico.[58] These museums are known every bit Smithsonian Affiliated museums. Collections of artifacts are given to these museums in the form of long-term loans. The Smithsonian also has a large number of traveling exhibitions, operated through the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES).[81] In 2008, 58 of these traveling exhibitions went to 510 venues across the land.[58]

Collections [edit]

Smithsonian collections include 156 million artworks, artifacts, and specimens. The National Museum of Natural History houses 145 1000000 of these specimens and artifacts, which are mostly animals preserved in Formaldehyde. The Collections Search Heart has ix.9 meg digital records available online. The Smithsonian Institution Libraries hold 2 one thousand thousand library volumes. Smithsonian Archives concord 156,830 cubic feet (four,441 m3) of archival cloth.[82] [83]

The Smithsonian Institution has many categories of displays that tin be visited at the museums. In 1912, First Lady Helen Herron Taft donated her inauguration gown to the museum to begin the Kickoff Ladies' Gown display at the National Museum of American History,[84] one of the Smithsonian's most popular exhibits.[85] The museum displays treasures such equally the Star-Spangled Imprint, the stove pipe hat that was worn by President Abraham Lincoln, the ruddy slippers worn past Judy Garland in The Wizard Of Oz, and the original Teddy Bear that was named after President Theodore Roosevelt.[86] In 2016, the Smithsonian's Air & Space museum curators restored the large model Enterprise from the original Star Trek Tv series.[87]

Open access [edit]

In February 2020, the Smithsonian made 2.8 million digital items bachelor to the public nether a Creative Commons Zip Public Domain Dedication, with a delivery to release farther items in the future.[88]

Enquiry centers and programs [edit]

The following is a list of Smithsonian enquiry centers, with their affiliated museum in parentheses:

  • Archives of American Art
  • Carrie Bow Marine Field Station (Natural History Museum)
  • Heart for Globe and Planetary Studies (Air and Space Museum)
  • Centre for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
  • Marine Station at Fort Pierce (Natural History Museum)
  • Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center (National Zoo)
  • Museum Conservation Institute
  • Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center
  • Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the associated Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
  • Smithsonian Conservation Biology Establish (National Zoo)
  • Smithsonian Environmental Research Eye
  • Smithsonian Institution Athenaeum[89]
  • Smithsonian Libraries
  • Smithsonian Establishment Scholarly Press
  • Smithsonian Latino Center[90]
  • Smithsonian Provenance Research Initiative (SPRI)[91]
  • Smithsonian Science Education Center[92]
  • Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (Panamá)
  • Woodrow Wilson International Middle for Scholars

Also of annotation is the Smithsonian Museum Support Center (MSC), located in Silver Hill, Maryland (Suitland), which is the primary off-site conservation and collections facility for multiple Smithsonian museums, primarily the National Museum of Natural History. The MSC was defended in May 1983.[93] The MSC covers 4.v acres (1.viii ha) of country, with over 500,000 foursquare anxiety (46,000 m2) of infinite, making it 1 of the largest set of structures in the Smithsonian. It has over 12 miles (19 km) of cabinets, and more than than 31 one thousand thousand objects.

Smithsonian Latino Eye [edit]

In 1997, the Smithsonian Latino Center was created equally a fashion to recognize Latinos across the Smithsonian Institution. The principal purpose of the center is to place Latino contributions to the arts, history, science, and national culture beyond the Smithsonian's museums and research centers.[94]

The heart is a partitioning of the Smithsonian Institution.[95] As of May 2016, the eye is run by an executive director, Eduardo Díaz.[96]

History [edit]

At the fourth dimension of its creation, the Smithsonian Institution had other entities defended to other minority groups: National Museum of the American Indian, Freer-Sackler Gallery for Asian Arts and Culture, African Art Museum, and the National Museum of African-American Heritage and Civilization.[97]

The opening of the center was prompted, in part, by the publishing of a report chosen "Willful Neglect: The Smithsonian and U.S. Latinos".[97]

Co-ordinate to documents obtained by The Washington Post, when former Latino Center executive managing director Pilar O'Leary first took the job, the center faced employees who had "serious performance issues". No performance plans existed for the staff and unfulfilled financial obligations to sponsors existed. The website's quality was poor, and the center did not have a public diplomacy manager, a programs director, adequate human being resource back up, or cohesive mission statement.[97]

After difficult times in the first few years, the center improved. According to the Smithsonian, the heart "support[s] scholarly enquiry, exhibitions, public and educational programs, web-based content and virtual platforms, and collections and archives. [It] also manage[s] leadership and professional development programs for Latino youth, emerging scholars and museum professionals."[94] Today, the website features a high-tech virtual museum.[98]

Immature Ambassadors Program [edit]

The Smithsonian Latino Center's Young Ambassadors Program (YAP) is a program within the Latino Centre that reaches out to Latino high school students with the goal of encouraging them to go leaders in arts, sciences, and the humanities.[99]

Students selected for the program travel to Washington, D.C. for an "enrichment seminar" that lasts approximately five days. Subsequently, students return to their communities to serve in a paid, one-month internship.[95]

Pilar O'Leary launched the program when she served as executive director of the Smithsonian Latino Center.[100] According to the Latino Eye, O'Leary told the press in 2007: "Our goal is to help our Young Ambassadors become the next generation of leaders in the arts and culture fields. This program encourages students to be proud of their roots and learn more virtually their cultural heritage to inspire them to educate the public in their own communities about how Latinos are enriching America'southward cultural fabric."[95]

Publications [edit]

The Institution publishes Smithsonian magazine monthly and Air & Space magazine bimonthly. Smithsonian was the consequence of Secretary of the Smithsonian S. Dillon Ripley asking the retired editor of Life magazine Edward G. Thompson to produce a magazine "about things in which the Smithsonian Institution is interested, might be interested or ought to be interested".[101] Another Secretarial assistant of the Smithsonian, Walter Boyne, founded Air & Space. [102] [103]

The organisation publishes under the imprints Smithsonian Institution Printing,[104] Smithsonian Books,[105] and Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.[106]

Awards [edit]

The Smithsonian makes a number of awards to acknowledge and support meritorious piece of work.

  • The James Smithson Medal, the Smithsonian Institution'due south highest honour, was established in 1965 and is given in recognition of infrequent contributions to art, science, history, education, and technology.
  • The James Smithson Bicentennial Medal, established in 1965, is given to persons who have fabricated distinguished contributions to the advancement of areas of interest to the Smithsonian.
  • The Hodgkins Medal, established in 1893, is awarded for of import contributions to the understanding of the physical environment.
  • The Henry Medal, established in 1878, is presented to individuals in recognition of their distinguished service, achievements or contributions to the prestige and growth of the Smithsonian Institution.
  • The Langley Gold Medal is awarded for meritorious investigations in connectedness with the science of aerodromics and its application to aviation.[107]

Administration [edit]

The Smithsonian Castle doorway

The Smithsonian Institution was established as a trust instrumentality by act of Congress.[108] More than ii-thirds of the Smithsonian's workforce of some 6,300 persons are employees of the federal government. The Smithsonian Establishment Office of Protection Services oversees security at the Smithsonian facilities and enforces laws and regulations for National Capital Parks together with the United States Park Police.

The president'due south 2011 budget proposed just under $800 million in support for the Smithsonian, slightly increased from previous years. Institution exhibits are free of accuse, though in 2010 the Arrears Commission recommended admission fees.[109] [110]

As approved by Congress on August 10, 1846, the legislation that created the Smithsonian Institution called for the cosmos of a Board of Regents to govern and administrate the system.[108] This 17-member board meets at least four times a twelvemonth and includes equally ex officio members the primary justice of the Usa and the vice president of the United States. The nominal head of the Institution is the chancellor, an part which has traditionally been held by the chief justice. In September 2007, the board created the position of Chair of the Board of Regents, a position currently held by Steve Example.[111]

Other members of the Board of Regents are iii members of the U.S. Business firm of Representatives appointed by the speaker of the Business firm; three members of the Senate, appointed by the president pro tempore of the Senate; and ix citizen members, nominated past the board and canonical by the Congress in a joint resolution signed by the president of the Us.[112] Regents who are senators or representatives serve for the duration of their elected terms, while citizen Regents serve a maximum of 2 vi-year terms. Regents are compensated on a part-time basis.

The master executive officer (CEO) of the Smithsonian is the secretary, who is appointed by the Lath of Regents. The secretary also serves as secretary to the Board of Regents simply is not a voting member of that trunk. The secretary of the Smithsonian has the privilege of the floor at the The states Senate. On September 18, 2013, Secretary Grand. Wayne Clough announced he would retire in Oct 2014. The Smithsonian Board of Regents said information technology asked regent John McCarter, Jr., to atomic number 82 a search committee.[113] On March 10, 2014, the Smithsonian Board selected David Skorton, a md and president of Cornell University, equally the 13th secretary of the Smithsonian. Skorton took the reins of the institution on July 1, 2015.[114] Upon Skorton's appear resignation in 2019, the Board selected Lonnie Bunch III, the founding managing director of the Smithsonian'south National Museum of African American History and Civilisation, equally the 14th secretary.[115]

Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution [edit]

  • Joseph Henry, 1846–1878
  • Spencer Fullerton Baird, 1878–1887
  • Samuel Pierpont Langley, 1887–1906
  • Charles Doolittle Walcott, 1907–1927
  • Charles Greeley Abbot, 1928–1944
  • Alexander Wetmore, 1944–1952
  • Leonard Carmichael, 1953–1964
  • Sidney Dillon Ripley, 1964–1984
  • Robert McCormick Adams, Jr., 1984–1994
  • Ira Michael Heyman, 1994–1999
  • Lawrence Thou. Modest, 2000–2007
  • M. Wayne Clough, 2008–2015[114]
  • David J. Skorton, 2015–2019
  • Lonnie Agglomeration, 2019–present

Controversies [edit]

Enola Gay display [edit]

In 1995, controversy arose over the exhibit at the National Air and Space Museum with the display of the Enola Gay, the Superfortress used past the United states to drop the commencement atomic bomb used in World War 2. The American Legion and Air Force Association believed the exhibit put frontwards but i side of the argue over the diminutive bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and that information technology emphasized the result on victims without discussing its utilise within the overall context of the war.[116] The Smithsonian changed the exhibit, displaying the aircraft just with associated technical data and without discussion of its celebrated role in the war.[ commendation needed ]

Censorship of "Seasons of Life and Land" [edit]

In 2003, a National Museum of Natural History exhibit, Subhankar Banerjee'south Seasons of Life and Land, featuring photographs of the Arctic National Wild animals Refuge, was censored and moved to the basement by Smithsonian officials because they feared that its field of study matter was also politically controversial.[117]

In November 2007, The Washington Post reported internal criticism has been raised regarding the institution's handling of the showroom on the Arctic. Co-ordinate to documents and e-mails, the exhibit and its associated presentation were edited at high levels to add "scientific uncertainty" regarding the nature and impact of global warming on the Arctic. Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Cristián Samper was interviewed by the Post, and claimed the exhibit was edited because it contained conclusions that went across what could be proven past contemporary climatology.[118] The Smithsonian is now a participant in the U.S. Global Change Enquiry Program.[119]

Copyright restrictions [edit]

The Smithsonian Institution provides admission to its image collections for educational, scholarly, and nonprofit uses. Commercial uses are generally restricted unless permission is obtained. Smithsonian images fall into different copyright categories; some are protected past copyright, many are subject area to license agreements or other contractual conditions, and some fall into the public domain, such as those prepared by Smithsonian employees as part of their official duties. The Smithsonian's terms of use for its digital content, including images, are set forth on the Smithsonian Web site.[120] [121]

In Apr 2006, the institution entered into an agreement of "first refusal" rights for its vast silent and public domain film archives with Showtime Networks, mainly for employ on the Smithsonian Channel, a network created from this deal. Critics debate this agreement finer gives Showtime control over the film archives, as it requires filmmakers to obtain permission from the network to use extensive amounts of film footage from the Smithsonian archives.[122]

Run across as well [edit]

  • 3773 Smithsonian
  • List of aircraft in the Smithsonian Institution
  • Smithsonian Bounding main Portal
  • Smithsonian Theaters

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ States without Smithsonian Affiliates: Idaho, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Northward Dakota, Utah.
  2. ^ a b c d Year museum moved to current edifice

References [edit]

  1. ^ "People & Operations". The Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  2. ^ Watson, Robert (March 25, 2012). "Smithsonian wasn't always beloved". Sun Sentry. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
  3. ^ Barlow, William (1847). The Smithsonian Establishment, "for the Increase and Improvidence of Noesis Amid Men": An Accost on the Duties of Authorities, in Reference Chiefly to Public Education: with the Outlines of a Plan for the Application of the Smithsonian Fund to that Object. B. R. Barlow.
  4. ^ "Legal History". Smithsonian Institution.
  5. ^ a b c "Nigh United states". Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March viii, 2017.
  6. ^ "Smithsonian History > National Museum of American History". Smithsonian Establishment. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
  7. ^ Kernan, Michael (Nov 1997). "A Existent Nation'south Cranium". Smithsonian. Smithsonian Establishment. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009.
  8. ^ Leaf, Jesse (March 13, 2007). The Everything Family unit Guide to Washington D.C.: All the All-time Hotels, Restaurants, Sites, and Attractions. Everything Books. ISBN978-ane-4405-2411-0. : 57
  9. ^ Kurin, Richard (October 29, 2013). The Smithsonian's History of America in 101 Objects Palatial. Penguin. ISBN978-0-698-15520-vi.
  10. ^ "Smithsonian Affiliations". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on March xvi, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
  11. ^ "Visitor Statistics". Newsdesk: Newsroom of the Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. May 31, 2013. Archived from the original on February 8, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  12. ^ "Budget/Federal Appropriations". Smithsonian Dashboard. Smithsonian Institution. 2015. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  13. ^ "Smithsonian Institute". Sovereign Wealth Fund Constitute . Retrieved July 1, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ "A Guide to the Columbian Institute in the Special Collections Research Heart" (PDF). Special Collections Research Centre Gelman Library. Retrieved July 30, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896, The History of Its Outset One-half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Printing. p. 25. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012.
  16. ^ "James Smithson – Founder of the Smithsonian, Last Will and Testament". Smithsonian Scrapbook: Messages, Diaries and Photographs from the Smithsonian Archives. Smithsonian Establishment. Archived from the original on August 24, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
  17. ^ a b c "Founding of the Smithsonian Establishment". Fact Sheets, Smithsonian Newsdesk. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
  18. ^ Heather Ewing, The Lost World of James Smithson: Science, Revolution, and the Birth of the Smithsonian, pp. 323–24, 330, 409. Ewing notes that it would exist the equivalent of over $10 million today, using one index, but using a per-capita share of Gdp, it would exist the equivalent of over $220 1000000. It was close to the total of Harvard Academy's endowment at that signal, which had accumulated for nearly 200 years by the 1830s and was not the event of a single gift, as Smithson's was.
  19. ^ a b Ottesen, Carole (2011). A Guide to Smithsonian Gardens . Smithsonian Books. p. 13. ISBN978-1-58834-300-0.
  20. ^ "Smithsonian Information Brochure", Smithsonian Company Information and Associates' Reception Center, May 2009
  21. ^ Nagel, Paul (1999). "John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Individual Life". Harvard University Printing. p. 348.
  22. ^ 9 Stat. 102
  23. ^ Orosz, Joel J. (June 28, 2002). Curators and Culture: The Museum Movement in America, 1740-1870. University of Alabama Press. ISBN978-0-8173-1204-6. : 155
  24. ^ Orosz, Joel J. (June 28, 2002). Curators and Culture: The Museum Motility in America, 1740-1870. Academy of Alabama Printing. ISBN978-0-8173-1204-6. : 157
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  26. ^ Adler, Antony (May 1, 2011). "From the Pacific to the Patent Office: The US Exploring Expedition and the origins of America's first national museum". Journal of the History of Collections. 23 (one): 49–74. doi:10.1093/jhc/fhq002. ISSN 0954-6650.
  27. ^ Baird, S.F.; Emory, Westward.H. (1857). Report on the United States and Mexican purlieus survey. Рипол Классик. ISBN978-v-88160-802-half dozen. : thirteen
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Farther reading [edit]

  • Nina Burleigh, Stranger and the Statesman: James Smithson, John Quincy Adams, and the Making of America'south Greatest Museum, The Smithsonian. New York: HarperCollins, 2003.
  • Heather Ewing, The Lost World of James Smithson: Scientific discipline, Revolution, and the Nascency of the Smithsonian. Bloomsbury, 2007.
  • United states of america. Congress. House of Representatives. Collections Stewardship at the Smithsonian: Hearing before the Committee on Business firm Administration, House of Representatives, 1 Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session. Washington, D.C.: U.Due south. Government Printing Office, 2013.
  • William S. Walker, A Living Exhibition: The Smithsonian and the Transformation of the Universal Museum. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Printing, 2013.

External links [edit]

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • A brief history of the U.S. National Museum/National Museum of Natural History
  • Smithsonian Open Admission – most three one thousand thousand Free images now available (video; 1:forty)

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